Tag: pandas

DataFrames data can be summarized using the groupby() method. In this article we’ll give you an example of how to use the groupby method.

This tutorial assumes you have some basic experience with Python pandas, including data frames, series and so on. If you are new to Pandas, I recommend taking the course below.

What does groupby do?

The idea of groupby() is pretty simple: create groups of categories and apply a function to them. Groupby has a process of splitting, applying and combining data.

splitting: the data is split into groups
applying: a function is applied to each group
combining: the results (data of different datasets is combined after applying groupby, resulting in a new data structure)

If you programmed databases (SQL) before, you may be familiar with a query like this:

SELECT city, count(name)
FROM df
GROUP BY city
ORDER BY city;

Pandas groupby does a similar thing. But then you’d type

print(df1.groupby(["City"])[['Name']].count())

Installing pandas

If you don’t have the pandas data analysis module installed, you can run the commands:

$ python -m venv pandas-example
$ source ./pandas-example/bin/activate
$ python -m pip install pandas

This sets up a virtual environment and install the pandas module inside it.

Pandas groupby example

Start by importing pandas, numpy and creating a data frame.

import pandas as pd

Our data frame contains simple tabular data:

In code the same table is:


import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

df1 = pd.DataFrame( { 
    "Name" : ["Alice", "Ada", "Mallory", "Mallory", "Billy" , "Mallory"] , 
    "City" : ["Sydney", "Sydney", "Paris", "Sydney", "Sydney", "Paris"]} )

You can then summarize the data using the groupby method. In our example there are two columns: Name and City.

The function .groupby() takes a column as parameter, the column you want to group on.
Then define the column(s) on which you want to do the aggregation.

print df1.groupby(["City"])[['Name']].count()

This will count the frequency of each city and return a new data frame:

The total code being:


import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

df1 = pd.DataFrame( { 
    "Name" : ["Alice", "Ada", "Mallory", "Mallory", "Billy" , "Mallory"] , 
    "City" : ["Sydney", "Sydney", "Paris", "Sydney", "Sydney", "Paris"]} )


df2 = df1.groupby(["City"])[['Name']].count()
print(df2)

Example 2

The groupby() operation can be applied to any pandas data frame.
Lets do some quick examples.

The data frame below defines a list of animals and their speed measurements.

>>> df = pd.DataFrame({'Animal': ['Elephant','Cat','Cat','Horse','Horse','Cheetah', 'Cheetah'], 'Speed': [20,30,27,50,45,70,66]})
>>> df
     Animal      Speed
0  Elephant         20
1       Cat         30
2     Horse         50
3   Cheetah         70
>>>

You can group by animal and the average speed.

>>> df.groupby(['Animal']).mean()
          Speed
Animal         
Cat        28.5
Cheetah    68.0
Elephant   20.0
Horse      47.5
>>>

If you have multiple columns in your table like so:

>>> df = pd.DataFrame({'Animal': ['Elephant','Cat','Cat','Horse','Horse','Cheetah', 'Cheetah'], 
... 'Speed': [20,30,26,50,45,70,60],
... 'Length': [8,0.5,0.6,2,2.1,1.8,1.7]})

Then you can add the column like this:

>>> df.groupby("Animal")["Speed"].mean()
>>> df.groupby("Animal")["Length"].mean()

Example 3: Real World Data

The Iris flower data set contains data on several flower species and their measurements. You can load it the whole data set from a csv file like this:

iris = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mwaskom/seaborn-data/master/iris.csv')

You can read any csv file with the .read_csv() function like this, directly from the web.

To give you some insight into the dataset data:

   sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width species
0           5.1          3.5           1.4          0.2  setosa
1           4.9          3.0           1.4          0.2  setosa
2           4.7          3.2           1.3          0.2  setosa
3           4.6          3.1           1.5          0.2  setosa
4           5.0          3.6           1.4          0.2  setosa

You can retrieve the same with:

>>> iris.head()

You can easily retrieve the minimum and maximum of a column

>>> iris['sepal_width'].min()
2.0
>>> iris['sepal_width'].max()
4.4
>>>

You’ve seen the basic groupby before. You can apply groupby while finding the average sepal width.

This then returns the average sepal width for each species.

>>> iris.groupby("species")["sepal_width"].mean()
species
setosa        3.428
versicolor    2.770
virginica     2.974
Name: sepal_width, dtype: float64
>>>

If you want the minimum value for each sepal width and species, you’d use:

>>> iris.groupby("species")["sepal_width"].min()
species
setosa        2.3
versicolor    2.0
virginica     2.2
Name: sepal_width, dtype: float64
>>>

Conclusion

We’ve covered the groupby() function extensively. You can now apply the function to any data frame, regardless of wheter its a toy dataset or a real world dataset.

You’ve learned:

how to load a real world data set in Pandas (from the web)
how to apply the groupby function to that real world data.

If you are interested in learning more about Pandas, check out this course:
Data Analysis with Python and Pandas: Go from zero to hero

pandas read xls

You can use pandas to read data from an Excel file into a DataFrame, and then work with the data just like you would any other dataset.

To read an Excel file into a DataFrame using pandas, you can use the read_excel() function. The read_excel() function returns a DataFrame by default, so you can access the data in your DataFrame using standard indexing and slicing operations.

Pandas, a data analysis library, has native support for loading excel data (xls and xlsx). The method read_excel loads xls data into a Pandas dataframe:


read_excel(filename)

If you have a large excel file you may want to specify the sheet:


df = pd.read_excel(file, sheetname='Elected presidents')

Related course
Data Analysis with Python Pandas

Read excel with Pandas
The code below reads excel data into a Python dataset (the dataset can be saved below).


from pandas import DataFrame, read_csv
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd 

file = r'data/Presidents.xls'
df = pd.read_excel(file)
print(df['Occupation'])

The dataframe can be used, as shown in the example below:


from pandas import DataFrame, read_csv
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd 

file = r'data/Presidents.xls'
df = pd.read_excel(file)

# remove messy data
df = df[df['Years in office'] != 'n/a']

# show data
print('Min: ', df['Years in office'].min())
print('Max: ', df['Years in office'].max())
print('Sum: ', df['Years in office'].sum())

Dataset
For purpose of demonstration, you can use the dataset from: depaul.edu.

A large dataset stored in XLS format

visualize data with python

pandas read csv

Pandas is a data analaysis module. It provides you with high-performance, easy-to-use data structures and data analysis tools.

In this article you will learn how to read a csv file with Pandas.

Related course
Data Analysis with Python Pandas

Read CSV with Python Pandas
We create a comma seperated value (csv) file:


Names,Highscore,
Mel,8,
Jack,5,
David,3,
Peter,6,
Maria,5,
Ryan,9,

Imported in excel that will look like this:

Python Pandas example dataset

The data can be read using:


from pandas import DataFrame, read_csv
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd 

file = r'highscore.csv'
df = pd.read_csv(file)
print(df)

The first lines import the Pandas module. The read_csv method loads the data in a a Pandas dataframe that we named df.

Dataframes
A dataframe can be manipulated using methods, the minimum and maximum can easily be extracted:


from pandas import DataFrame, read_csv
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd 

file = r'highscore.csv'
df = pd.read_csv(file)
print('Max', df['Highscore'].max())
print('Min', df['Highscore'].min())

Pandas on a dataset

The dataset in this example is very small, but a dataset can easily contain thousands or millions of records.